Asbestos is a group of naturally occurring fibrous minerals that have been widely used in industrial and construction applications due to their exceptional physical properties. These minerals are known for their high resistance to heat, chemical corrosion, and electrical conductivity, as well as their tensile strength and durability. Because of these characteristics, asbestos was once considered a “miracle material” and was extensively incorporated into various products throughout the 20th century.
There are two main mineral families of asbestos: serpentine and amphibole. The most commonly used type is chrysotile (white asbestos), which belongs to the serpentine group. Amphibole asbestos includes types such as amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, actinolite, and anthophyllite. Amphibole fibers are generally more rigid and needle-like, making them more hazardous when inhaled. Despite differences in structure, all forms of asbestos are now recognized as dangerous to human health.
Historically, asbestos was used in insulation materials, roofing sheets, cement products, brake linings, fireproofing sprays, floor tiles, and pipe coatings. Its affordability and effectiveness made it popular in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. In many older structures, asbestos-containing materials (ACMs) may still be present today, particularly in insulation, ceiling panels, and wallboards.
The primary danger of asbestos arises when its fibers become airborne and are inhaled. Once inside the body, these microscopic fibers can lodge in the lungs and remain there for long periods, causing inflammation and cellular damage. Prolonged or repeated exposure to asbestos is strongly associated with serious diseases, including asbestosis, lung cancer, and malignant mesothelioma, a rare but aggressive cancer affecting the lining of the lungs or abdomen. Notably, asbestos-related diseases often have long latency periods, sometimes taking 20 to 40 years to develop after initial exposure.
Due to the overwhelming scientific evidence of its health risks, many countries have implemented strict regulations or complete bans on the use of asbestos. International organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) strongly advocate for the elimination of asbestos use and emphasize the importance of safe management and removal of existing asbestos materials. However, asbestos remains in use in some regions, posing ongoing occupational and environmental health concerns.
Today, asbestos management focuses on risk assessment, controlled removal, and public awareness. Proper handling and disposal procedures are essential to prevent fiber release during renovation or demolition activities. As awareness grows, asbestos has become a symbol of the importance of balancing industrial progress with long-term human health and environmental safety.